IN HER PREFACE to one of her collections of essays published in 2013, Marilynne Robinson said:
Writing in 1870, Walt Whitman said, "America, if eligible at all to downfall and ruin, is eligible within herself, not without, for I see clearly that the combined foreign world could not bear her down; But these savage, wolfish parties alarm me. Owning no law but their own will, more and more combative, less and less tolerant of the idea of ensemble and of equal brotherhood, the perfect equality of the States, the ever-overarching American Ideas, it behooves you to convey yourself implicitly to no party, nor submit blindly to their dictators, but steadily hold yourself judge and master over all of them." And he said, "It is the fashion of dillettants [sic] and fops (perhaps I myself am not guiltless,) to decry the whole formulation of the active politics of America, as beyond redemption, and to be carefully kept away from. See that you do not fall into this error. America, it may be, is doing very well upon the whole, notwithstanding these antics of the parties and their leaders, these half-brained nominees, the many ignorant ballots, and many elected failures and blatherers." These passages come from Whitman's long essay Democratic Vistas, a virtual hymn of praise to America, and to Democracy, words which for him are interchangeable.
It needs to be asked how Black and Native Americans would see the state of American democracy in 1870. NO STATEMENT ABOUT THE UNITED STATES CAN BE COMPLETE WITHOUT SUCH QUESTIONS, EVER. For Black Americans things may have seemed better than they ever had be as Reconstruction was in effect in the former Confederacy, one of those brief periods in American history like the one a century later when the Jim Crow that came in with Rutherford Hayes and his Electoral College deal with white supremacists was briefly eclipsed with the Voting Rights and Civil Rights Acts and a few Supreme Court rulings that would be increasingly swept aside as Republicans, empowered by their deal with white supremacists, the "Southern Strategy" gained power and packed the Courts which have been overturning all of that progress just as they did in the Jim Crow period.
And you could ask similar questions about how working People under the wage slavery that was never abolished by presidential proclamation or law - Marilynne Robinson had interesting things to say about how that was also a political issue for those like Lincoln - and how Women, who would be denied the vote for fifty years saw it.
I have to point out one thing in Whitman's list of supposed American virtues that is not only deeply troubling as an idea but which constitutes one of the most glaring defects of the U.S. Constitution and the source of some of its most anti-democratic manifestation, "the perfect equality of the States." You can't have "perfect equality" of the states when the features embodying that, the equal representation of different states in the Senate, the added weight given to even the lowest population states in both the Senate and the Electoral College that results, the equal weight given to the states with the smallest populations to either pass or block amendments, etc. is inherently anti-democratic, anti-egalitarian and, it being easier to propagandize and gull smaller populations than larger ones, it hands those who would manipulate the system by doing just that an enormous advantage in corrupting the American system. Adding in such notions as states being the ones to control elections - which directly led to the American apartheid system that rose in the post-Civil War period - and you need to take seriously the folly of believing that states have rights, including a "right" to equality. People have rights, the fictitious entities, states don't. The United States won't be a democracy of any kind until all of those corruptions of our Constitutional system are removed in favor of the perfect equality of People.
It is true that the period after the Civil war was a low point in American political history. And it is true also that the country came through it all at last, fairly intact by the standards that apply in such cases. This is reassuring to consider, since we now live in a political environment characterized by wolfishness and filled with blather. We have the passive pious, who feel they have proved their moral refinement in declaring the whole enterprise bankrupt, and we have the active pious, who agree with them, with the difference that they see some hope in a hastily arranged liquidation of cultural assets.
It was Whitman's faith that a great presiding spirit of Democracy would check, or correct for, the worst deficiencies of the civilization. It may indeed have been that ideal that kept us on course, or allowed us finally to find our way back to a better and healthier national life then and in all the other periods in our history when our politics have seemed to be beyond redemption. Whitman says Democracy "is a great word, whose history, I suppose, remain unwritten, because that history has yet to be enacted." It is for him like the word "Nature" in that its history, therefore its definition, remains partial and tentative, though some valuable phrases and paragraphs have been added from time to time.
The only "great presiding spirit of Democracy" that "would check, or correct for, the worst deficiencies of the civilization," is, in fact, equality of People. The very reason that democracy "has yet to be enacted," something as true, perhaps more true than in 1870 is due to the fact that the many long, hard, not infrequently bloody struggles for equality under law have been repeatedly thwarted from progress and, on those rare occasions when great progress towards equality is made, the very Constitution, most frequently in our history by Supreme Court assertion of the "meaning" of the Constitution has turned back the clock to 1862 and earlier. The Court under the genteel Virginia white supremacist John Roberts has done that in just about every category under which progress had been made, including against Black People, People of Color, Native Americans, Women and working People. It was one of the great and ironic tragedies of America in this century that Barack Obama, Harvard trained lawyer, was so timid in asserting opposition to that re-imposition of a status quo that Whitman may have recognized and that Joe Biden appointed another Harvard man as Attorney General whose failures have contributed directly to Trump II. Biden was far and away the greater egalitarian but I think his lawyerly training may have led to his too easy capitulation to Roberts-Republican-fascist enablement. I have to watch, it, though, that will get me on the topic of lawyers and the inherent corruptions of their lucrative profession.*
What if we have ceased to aspire to Democracy, or even democracy? What if the words "Democracy" and "America" are severed and no longer imply each other? It is not unusual now to hear that we have lost our values, that we have lost our way. In the desperation of the moment, justified or not, certain among us have turned on our heritage, the country that has emerged out of generations of attention to public education, public health, public safety, access to suffrage, equality under law. It turns out, by their reckoning, that the country they call the greatest on earth has spent most of its history acting against its own (great) nature, and that the enhancements of life it has provided for the generality of its people, or to phrase it more democratically, that the people have provided for themselves has made its citizens weak and dependent. How the greatest nation on earth maintains this exalted status while burdened with a population that patriots do not like or respect is an interesting question, certainly. In any case, the return to traditional values seems to them to mean together with a bracing and punitive severity toward the vulnerable among us, the establishment of a kind of religious monoculture we have never had and our institutions have never encouraged.
Americans have been gulled out of their rightful inheritance, not ironically due to the actions of such as the "Heritage Foundation" by a combination of media, entertainment most effectively but also the "news" the promotion of racism starting in the 1970s reaction against the progress made in Civil Rights in the 1960s, the promotion of racism and bigotry and inequality in the movies, on TV, the glamorization of vulgar wealth (Trump was invented through that) and various lies and regional resentments. Religion - which will become the central feature in this discussion later - Christianity, especially - -was perverted to mean white evangelicalism and "traditional catholicism," again through the free press, the media.
I'm planning on going on with what Robinson said in her preface, wondering how she would write the same piece today, during Trump II. Though I certainly will not try to speak for her.
* As I pointed out in discussing I. F. Stone's chapter from The Trial of Socrates, "democracy" without THE FACT OF equality being the dominant feature of it is guaranteed to produce a corrupt government, no matter how many elections are held. American apartheid as South African apartheid featured regular elections, as have happened in various "Peoples' democratic republics" as a one party, often clique or even one family have ruled in a totalitarian manner for decades. Our apartheid ran under the slogan "Equal Justice Under Law" as the entire legal system proved that was a lie. What the Roberts Court is reimposing very fast.
I'm tempted to go through the discussion between two of the MSNBC style lawyers I heard this morning blithely asserting that John Roberts is about to lower the boom on Trump. One of the thing they put their faith in was Marbury v Madison, to show you how much they've learned from witnessing the past twenty five years.