"It's in their genes. There area lot of bad genes in our country right now."
Donald Trump
In One Of My Many Posts Attacking The Theory of Natural Selection,"DARWINISM," I called the study of the evolution of species the "mother of all n-factorial problems" due to the enormous number of vectors that would have to figure into such a proposed generalized theory about such an enormously varied phenomenon and the enormous and unknowable number of "traits," the combination of those, and all of the other entities that would be held to differentiate one species from another one, but, in the theory that makes those of "selective" value in deciding all along the scores or hundreds or thousands or hundreds of thousands of generations which members of a species' population would produce more viable offspring which would - due to the inheritance or non-inheritance of "traits" - go on to have reproductive success, determining the predominance of "traits" in whatever species would arise out of the parent species.
Consider this abstract from a fairly recent paper discussing what speciation is supposed to be and various problems with the concept. There is a sentence in what follows I'm going to focus on, see if you can see which one it is. I am not adding or subtracting from or rearranging the text, but I am making paragraph breaks and adding punctuation in it to make it easier to understand.
Speciation is a complex process that can unfold in many different ways. Speciation researchers sometimes simplify core principles in their writing in a way that implies misconceptions about the speciation process.
While we think that these misconceptions are usually inadvertently implied (and not actively believed) by the researchers, they nonetheless risk warping how external readers understand speciation.
Here we highlight six misconceptions of speciation that are especially widespread.
- First, species are implied to be clearly and consistently defined entities in nature, whereas in reality species boundaries are often fuzzy and semipermeable.
- Second, speciation is often implied to be ‘good’, which is two-fold problematic because it implies both that evolution has a goal and that speciation universally increases the chances of lineage persistence.
- Third, species-poor clades with species-rich sister clades are considered ‘primitive’ or ‘basal’, falsely implying a ladder of progress.
- Fourth, the evolution of species is assumed to be strictly tree-like, but genomic findings show widespread hybridization more consistent with network-like evolution.
- Fifth, a lack of association between a trait and elevated speciation rates in macroevolutionary studies is often interpreted as evidence against its relevance in speciation—even if microevolutionary case studies show that it is relevant.
- Sixth, obvious trait differences between species are sometimes too readily assumed to be
(i) barriers to reproduction,
(ii) a stepping-stone to inevitable speciation, or
(iii) reflective of the species’ whole divergence history.
In conclusion, we call for caution, particularly when communicating science, because miscommunication of these ideas provides fertile ground for misconceptions to spread.
Here's the first sentence I'll concentrate on because it is practically the definition of the theory of natural selection from the time that Darwin published On The Origin of Species and because it is a description of the entirety of the science-based evil that has come from it starting almost immediately on the first reading of the book.
Speciation researchers sometimes simplify core principles in their writing in a way that implies misconceptions about the speciation process.
The first simplification of the core principles in the writing on this topic was in On the Origin of Species. The definition of species that Darwin and his generation of scientists worked on, the one that is intrinsic to his theory is itself simplified so radically that even in his own examples, especially his referencing of human animal and plant breeding, is a radical distortion of what speciation in nature is. If he had not done that, he and virtually every Darwinist who came after him would have never implied that human manipulation of animals and plants could have any knowable relationship to the entirely unknowable though obviously far more complex organisms and their lines of descent that would have accounted for a new species arising from a parent species.
That point isn't from any social, medical, political, legal or historical consideration of these matters a mere detail. Just as an example, it is systematic in one of the worst and most consequential products of Darwinism, eugenics and the legal and political application of the ideology of Darwinism that has literally gotten millions killed and likely more oppressed and discriminated against.
Those who have done what so few of you defenders of Darwin have done, read the literature of Darwinism, starting with him but also those whose work he cites as supporting his theory (Galton, Haeckel, Spencer, Greg, . . . ) and the writings of the next generations such as Pearson, Schallmeyer, Davenport, Ploetz,. . . would see that the problems listed above actually characterizes both the scientific literature of Darwinism but, more dangerously, its insertion into wider culture and especially the law and politics. That was not incidental to the work of the Darwinists, starting with Darwin. He defended his son George when he proposed that British law regarding marriages be changed to involuntarily annul marriages of those deemed by the law to be mentally ill - even if at some later date they were judged to have recovered. He and his son Leonard opposed the legal support for universal vaccination - especially of those considered to be members of the underclass. And that only increased, all based on ignoring the problems with the theory which were present from the start and which have not decreased anymore than the definition of speciation has in the more than a century and a half when the article abstracted above was written.
That is reflected - though the source of it is not admitted - in the last sentence of the abstract.
In conclusion, we call for caution, particularly when communicating science, because miscommunication of these ideas provides fertile ground for misconceptions to spread.
This is the closest the article gets to admitting that it was not Darwin's practice to make any such distinctions he was presumably aware of at the time.
What practical steps can speciation researchers take to resist this misconception forming in the minds of audiences outside the field, when referring to ‘species’ remains an indispensable component of our work? First, in research articles, we should state the species concept that we are adopting (e.g ecologically/genetically/phenotypically oriented) as well as the working definition that we are using within that concept to delineate species (e.g. lack of hybrids observed or below threshold genetic similarity). This is especially important when communicating with other speciation researchers. It is possible that no single species concept will ever satisfy researchers from all backgrounds; and it is unlikely that there will ever be a single working definition that is practically applicable for all taxa and research approaches. This was recognized by Darwin (albeit in male-centric language that does not reflect the diversity of naturalists): ‘No one definition has satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species’ (Darwin 1859, p. 58).
Any vaguery that was a component of his proposal as science should have made his claims far more modest than how his text and his subsequent editions and his application of the theory in The Descent of Man presented it.
That vaguery should have made professional scientists proportionally more skeptical of his theory of natural selection than history proves it did. And that negligence of skepticism due to such problems has not diminished, certainly not in the economists, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists who claim it to add sciency cachet to their pseudo-scientific assertions, nor in the proposals AND PRACTICES of racist and eugenic politicians, commenators, judges and "justices" who have been given support for their racism, their enforcement of economic class divisions, their favoring of the same "favored" individuals and families that Darwin certainly meant when he published his theory
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
We have his own words that link that title and theory to the human population and human law and politics through his eager adoption of his cousin Francis Galton's first works in eugenics, two articles in Macmillan's Magazine and his book Hereditary Genius which he cited over and over again as valid science supporting his theory and identifying "natural selection" in the natural world and his citation of Ernst Heckel's even more radical and racist assertions, going so far as to attribute group hygiene to infanticide and war making.
As I noted in what I recently said, you cannot break the connection between the theory of natural selection and the aristocratic British economic ideology of Thomas Malthus because Darwin, himself, attributed Malthus' homicidal theory as his inspiration - though as I also pointed out, Marx correctly noted that Darwin made that depraved ideology more depraved by generalizing its murderous aspects to the whole of nature, making it an imitation of the "natural law" that had more successfully then been found in physics and chemistry dealing with far, far less complex phenomena. The more complex a phenomenon, the more vectors in a description of that phenomenon, the less likely you are to find an accurate general theory of it. And I stand by my statement that natural selection and the study of speciation in general is both utterly complex and generally unobservable due to the permanent loss of any relevant physical evidence and the entirely unpreserved record of events that leave no permanent record but which, according to the theory, could not be more important to its testing.
Yet on the basis of the ideology of Darwinism, people in large numbers lose their lives and a chance to have a dignified life for them and for their children. Yet the college-credentialed class wonders how it engendered such hostility.
It is an irony that so many of the Trump fan base who would be expected to hate "evolution" or the name of Darwin are, like him, total believers in the most malignant aspects of it (see the quote at the top of this post). But, then, so many opponents of eugenics and scientific racism are true believers in the basis of just about all of that, today.